David Beatty - World War I - Royal Navy - Battle of Jutland

Pestle Analysis Essay - 1557 Words

Application of PESTLE analysis 1. Define the purpose of PESTLE analysis and spell out some of the main constituents of each factor. PESTLE analysis â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis† is used to evaluate the many factors in the macro environment that will affect the decisions of managers in any organisation. It is normally carried out before a SWOT analysis which is applied for assessing an internal environment of a business (Panah, 2012). Government policy, economic growth, social trends, new technologies, new laws and climate change are all examples of macro change. Political factors include tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs. It’s what the government intends to change in the†¦show more content†¦All businesses based in the UK are liable for corporation tax. Therefore, if Alfa Romeo moved in the UK manufacturing market, they would be taxed on all profits generated by the business, at a forecasted rate of 22% by 2014. The biggest sustained reduction in business tax rates for a generation, which will lead to the UK making its tax syste m more competitive for business than in any major economy. This is encouraging for foreign businesses such as Alfa Romeo, because they are able to cut costs, which will lead to the business into making more investments and ultimately increasing its profitability of the business. Within the next 4 years, there is not much change in consumer prices in the UK. Therefore a business like Alfa Romeo could be put off by this, as they may not be able to generate or invest in other places where prices would increase at a faster rate which could potentially maximise their profitability of their business. However if inflation rates were higher, Alfa Romeo would be able to make increasing amounts of profit in terms of the products and services. Normally when inflation rates increases, the purchasing power is likely to decline. The UK population is ageing, due to improved medical health care systems, which has led to enhancing life expectancy. If Alfa Romeo were to employ workers fromShow MoreRelatedThe Pestle Analysis Of Pestle Analysis2371 Words   |  10 PagesP.E.S.T.L.E Analysis The PESTLE analysis is used to analyse the current and future predicaments of an industry that the organisation or business belongs to, thus helping to provide better strategic planning whilst gaining competitive superiority over competition. Significance of the factors that are included in the PESTLE analysis can vary depending on the market, organisation or business. 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It is worth noting that PESTLE is a model and that in reality many of theRead MorePestle Analysis Is A Management Tool1890 Words   |  8 PagesP2E2STLE ANALYSIS: According to the Cambridge Dictionaries, PESTLE analysis is a management tool that analyzes the effects of any challenges as well as strategies for the business but deals with outside factors. This tools only used by the macro environment of which it doesn’t have any full control but rather influences the challenges. Another definition for PESTLE according to the Business Studies Grade 12: a PESTLE analysis is a tool used to evaluate the macro environment to see potential threatsRead MorePestle Analysis Essay example2031 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction to the assignment and summary of the selected business. This assignment is about the factors that influences the business environment in different ways. This is about environmental analysis which is dynamic process that comprises scanning, monitoring, disseminating and forecasting. There are different factors which influences the business in 21st century. Somehow these factors have impact on the business in favour of the business and sometimes have an adverseRead MorePESTLE Analysis for Centre Parcs Essay3832 Words   |  16 PagesParc’s A PESTLE Analysis Contents 1. Introduction 2. PESTLE Analysis 2.1. What is PESTLE Analysis 2.2. Political 2.3. Economical 2.4. Social 2.5. Technological 2.6. Legislative 2.7. Environmental 3. Entrepreneurial 4. Conclusion 5. References 1. Introduction Centre Parcs are one of the UKs leading family, self-catering holiday destinations. This report aims to analyse the company using one of the key tools available to guide strategic decision making – A PESTLE AnalysisRead MoreBusiness Benefits : Swot Analysis And Pestle Analysis1275 Words   |  6 Pages1. Valentinos, Mission Statement, Three Business Benefits, SWOT Analysis and PESTLE Analysis. - Mission Statement To guide persons to the right path in their relations with a high level of privacy and confidentiality. - Three Business Benefits - SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. The long established brand name and the stability performance as a result of the experience gained during the years of work. 2. The use of high technology and experienced staff who are ready to meet the members needs. 3Read MoreVietnam : Macro Enviroment : Pestle Analysis2808 Words   |  12 PagesVIETNAM - MACRO-ENVIROMENT: PESTLE ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 CANDYKING LTD. COMPANY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 CURRENT STRATEGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 PRODUCT CATEGORIES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........6 TASK # 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 BLUE OCEAN RED OCEAN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN BLUE OCEAN RED OCEAN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 CANDYKING LTD. COMPANY ANALYSIS FROM RED OCEAN PROSPECTIVE

Compassion Fatigue and Resilience †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Compassion Fatigue and Resilience. Answer: Introduction: Resiliency Theory is a Strength-Based Approach to pursue, examine and Practicing in the fields in which the Resiliency is to be made. These theories mainlyfocus and gain the attention on optimistic contextual, social, and individual perception that affect or disrupt developmental trajectories from various risks behaviours, psychological distress, and poor outcomes. Knowledge in the various fields regarding defensive factors and risk issues has been combined through research been made on resiliency from several years. Resilience theories generally agree that the existence of one or more defensive factors can decrease the effects of coverage to adversity. The more assets or the protecting factors are available, to the more resilient people or a person who belongs to the young age (Aldrich Meyer, 2015). However, it is essential to be specified that resilience is not a constant theory. Various levels to the resilience may vary to the different perspective or situations, while resources may remain the same. There is a general agreement that have the extreme and sustained exposure to negative life action; unsafe settings and insufficient skill and knowledge are likely to weaken the young peoples life probabilities in spite of their assets. Young people need to have the continuous exposure to the optimistic experiences, surroundings and people as well as ample number of opportunities are there to gain and refine their skills (Doll et al., 2011). Peer-based programs rise the protecting factors and encourage the personal resilience which provide the accessibility to optimistic role models; a security space; providing services to the knowledgeable; opportunities to acquire and develop skills, shared experiences; accessibility to provide services; and building a sense of attachment. Development of resilience has turn out to be a more significant objective in schooling and public policy and practicing, specifically in effort of making with underprivileged people, families and communities. The work based on this theory is to established out of a research that mainly aims to have a proper understanding of healthy growth or encouraging adaptation despite of ad versing situations or generally associated with negative outcomes (Esquivel et al., 2011). This Theory on social work contributes towards the sociality of Resilience. It emphasis on the growing the culture of social work and individual analysis made in this theory. The resilience theory of composition generally arise the conflicts for the main consequence arise regarding the public identities and cooperative involvement to resilience. Seeking the attention on the study of the practices of Younger age people from an urban city and the core subjects of the todays youth which mainly accounts and participate within both the standard and productive list perceptions. Resistance is centred for and resilience is demanded for specifying the social components of individuals in local relationships, representing the interferences for building and developing the resilience need to be recognized by the resilience in public inequalities, and the differentiation made for the public processes is very common and the societal and ideological prospects of young people (Kapoulitsas Corcoran, 2015). Though research has standard with the specific groups which may be more exposed to definite risks taken by the societal individualities, the expansion of study has been primarily concerned with an empathetic individual changes. It mainly focus on the young peoples perceptions may contribute towards the understanding changeability in an individual. Main core challenges are been identified for resilience theory in which it disconnect from the analyses of public inequalities and queries about the position of a youngsters in the society. The social state practices, community practices, social variations and all the significant features based on the context for examining resilience. Starting with the main discussions which have the critical analysis based on the individuality, it states that the dominant concepts of normative change are dominant to these disconnects (Padgett, 2016). It has become the major issue which needs to mutually influencing individual level experience. The societal inequalities are rooted in the flow of capital resources which are involving within the occupation of all the students and the people working and social wealth are organized in these flows and the gender equality and class categories to be positioned of an individual are the odd ones for optimistic way of adapting and working for a public policies. The odd ones for people belonging to a certain age are in stumpy socio-economic surroundings are against them because of their success in education and rising up in the communities where educational resources are insufficient to and working opportunities from economic development are less in the odds (Turner, 2017). In the youth evolutions in the literature, young people have different experience to work and in other profession domains which indicates the perseverance of socio-economic disadvantage and privilege. Discriminations set in in social and economic change in todays modernism suggest that the circumstances in which youth make their lives represent the unequal distributions of resources to identify the social groups for meeting different societys expectations. Besides, as delayed and multiple evolutions have become the average for current youth, such changes are presentable for the challenges given and to define the accomplishment of stage and phase linked with the tasks which deals with the adolescence (Yates et al., 2015). Resilience Theory on Psychology Psychologicalresiliencecan be referred to a persons character's skill to be the positively adapt the tasks being performed in the life and the appearance of social drawbacks or highly opposing conditions. Resilience learning has emerged within half of an era before, when pioneers examined and deal in the psychology, psychotherapy, and paediatrics examining for suspicions and dealing with the main consequences being faced in the development of the child and perceived the prominent variation in consequences arises and risk been taken among due to difficulty and adversity. Seeing to the outset and doing the inception, resilience research pioneers, wanted to inform practices by understanding the procedures that give details on based on the individual dealing with the problems while others struggled (Vaughan Rodriguez, 2014). Their compelling thoughts and research circulated in this case to which it has converted the frameworks for practicing into the numerous disciplines by keeping the importance away from focused coordination towards models placed on optimistic goals, which promotes and defend the main factors, and adaptive capacities. It emphasise on the competence in spite of acquaintance to hardship, the main concept of this theory is dependable on the long procedure which is been applied by the specialists looking for it to encourage for the strength to an individuals, groups, and humanities. A Proper research and analysis is been initiated and has been recognized by the individuals, encouraging and developmental outcomes even with the experience to known threats to adaptation (Theron et al., 2015). Encouraging psychology helps in studying about the strength of a Person and virtues with the aim of accepting and facilitating optimistic changes. A resilience agenda offers an influential tool for understanding the objectives of core and best psychology in the perspectives of adversity. Present models of the resilient theory highlights the increasing ability to the information and effect that derives from participating in the analysis and various applications for distinguishing. In the same way, translational synergy between the practicing and learning of resilience will finest is understood by binding with the dynamic way and passing on with the great impacts across developing systems and in relationship with the scientists, physicians, and clients (Fletcher Sarkar, 2013) (Grych et al., 2015). Resilience Theory on Education The main aim of this theory is to publicize with the readers and the key conceptual ideas which relates to the resilience theory, it mainly focuses in the particular field in an educational equality. Developing is essential to raise the resilience as a significance improvement in the quality of mental state and the health condition and education efficiency of a person, globally, it is essential to explore the commonness among the resilience and adopting the main elements through the existing prospectus and educational approaches in many schools globally (Furrer et al., 2014). It mainly emphasise that the theory is based on the hypothetical concept is not known and famous in many schools and there are no specific programmes to adopt the resilience in offspring and youth, it generally belief that best quality of education, is based on many international and national learning policies which mainly contains a great impact on it. Research is difficult to find out the main teaching methodo logies has been recognized as adopting approaches in this theory and are deliberated to be the most important and most pervasive among instructors (Johnson et al., 2014). It generally focused and appearances to explore the physical characteristics of teachers in schools who is been recognised as a skill and knowledgeable. Studying to this theory it is essential to prepare and to find out the solution on the instructors mind-sets, and their perspectives their capabilities, skills, efficiency and the knowledge been initiated by them to process the education in the society? Development of Children totally depend on when it is been in danger of extinction by the adversities and threats and also increase the capability and the strength is based on the student skills and its way of prevention to greet the other in growing into competitive culture and the intelligent people who mainly focuses and work according to this theory of personal identity and efficiency, who are able to make decisi ons, set objectives, main aim, and believe in their future goals. It emphasise on the changes made and the prevention made regarding the education which is essential for todays generation which mainly focus on the basis needs of well-being, communication among the partners and the respect, challenge, power (Masten, 2014). There are various key qualities or essential significances which are derived as the most representative personal attributes of the resilient child: It is essential again to specify the most important characteristics which do not initiate to stay as self-directed or independent characters based on the personal but should be in close and cooperating consistency with the other defensive features and mechanisms. The mind-set of the children is totally dependent on it and youth participate in the vital role of influencing their behaviour, it is very essential and a major factor that influence maternities, instructors, and other dignitaries who are the main to recognize the mind-set of the resilient children and insist the students of the current scenario so that they can challenge to the foster it during all of their interfaces. It is difficult to be satisfied in the schools where unmotivated students are not stable, separated from the education skills and knowledge point of view, with reducing way of learning efficiency and high psychological harms and incidence took place. Thus, it is essential and interesting to find out and to pr ovide the best outcome for the teachers to meet the goals; what are the main difficulties which are being faced by the people and complications being faced and it is very necessary to meet the objectives and the goals to overcome from all the problems. The admiration and the encouragement to be a part of this state so as to perform the essential activities being placed in this study which brings all the student, instructors, etc. to perform all the tasks together so as to keep the demand for making the changes in the institution. (Yates et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to change our mind-sets, and shift our education paradigm from aiming to the main difficulties being faced and problems are been targeted to resilience - through compassionate and joint relationships, powers and competitive environment in the development field and the opportunities which are been engaged for the success. Resilience theory consist and mainly implies on the paradigm which generally enables to meet t he current scenario and its educational challenges and goals which is to be done with the students and teachers, create an optimistic and combined the healthy and positive environment in the school, achieve developed learning efficiency could be better and better in public cohesion made in class and school. Conclusion According to the Theory which is based on the analysis and has performed and made the various analysis on this theory which constitutes in the resilience research, it does not have the proper and absolute set of aspects that found the risk or caring factors. These could be any form which is been shown in to the increasing or decreasing factors in the various outcomes. Various risk and issues are been arising on the common factors that are often referred to as the environmental aspects that are formed since childhood and are being caused due to the inverses of defending factors for example a strong public skills verses deprived community skills; protected attachment vs. apprehensive attachment). Resilience research Theory has recognized a gathered the protective analysis and the effective factors, with some of the most projecting thing which is being protected affection and its way of presenting and a well-being affiliation with an mature person during childhood (Vaughan Rodriguez, 2 014).The main concept of resilience which can be grouped, well-formed and continues manner to be evolve. However, the basic principle of the idea and the perception made on resilience is far reaching to the great success, and its promising as a human behaviour and practicing the main concept which has yet to be realized (Seligman Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). References Aldrich, D. P., Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social capital and community resilience.American Behavioral Scientist,59(2), 254-269. Doll, B., Jones, K., Osborn, A., Dooley, K., Turner, A. (2011). The promise and the caution of resilience models for schools, Psychology in Schools, 48, 652-659. Esquivel, G., Doll, B. Oades-Sese, G. (2011). Introduction to the special issue: resilience in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 48, 7, 649-651. Fletcher, D., Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience.European Psychologist. Furrer, C., Skinner, E. A., Pitzer, J. R. (2014). The influence of teacher and peer relationships on students classroom engagement and everyday motivational resilience.National Society for the Study of Education,113(1), 101-123. Grych, J., Hamby, S., Banyard, V. (2015). The resilience portfolio model: Understanding healthy adaptation in victims of violence.Psychology of Violence,5(4), 343. Houston, J. B. (2015). Bouncing forward: assessing advances in community resilience assessment, intervention, and theory to guide future work. Jenson, J. M., Fraser, M. W. (Eds.). (2015).Social policy for children and families: A risk and resilience perspective. Sage Publications. Johnson, B., Down, B., Le Cornu, R., Peters, J., Sullivan, A., Pearce, J., Hunter, J. (2014). Promoting early career teacher resilience: A framework for understanding and acting.Teachers and Teaching,20(5), 530-546. Kapoulitsas, M., Corcoran, T. (2015). Compassion fatigue and resilience: A qualitative analysis of social work practice.Qualitative Social Work,14(1), 86-101. Masten, A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth.Child development,85(1), 6-20. Padgett, D. K. (2016).Qualitative methods in social work research(Vol. 36). Sage Publications. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. InFlow and the foundations of positive psychology(pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Theron, L. C., Liebenberg, L. A., Ungar, M. (2015).Youth resilience and culture. Springer Netherlands. Turner, F. J. (2017).Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches. Oxford University Press. Vaughan, M. D., Rodriguez, E. M. (2014). LGBT strengths: Incorporating positive psychology into theory, research, training, and practice.Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,1(4), 325. Yates, T. M., Tyrell, F. A., Masten, A. S. (2015). Resilience theory and the practice of positive psychology from individuals to societies.Positive Psychology in Practice: Promoting Human Flourishing in Work, Health, Education, and Everyday Life, Second Edition, 773-788.

Wildlife Management In Africa Essays - Wildlife Smuggling

Wildlife Management In Africa Wildlife Management in Africa In the past three decades, many of Africas wild animals have suffered a massive decline in population due to poaching. Africa is the world's second largest continent and home to thousands of species of animals. Unlike in North America, most of these animals roam completely free in an almost totally undeveloped environment. In attempt to save these animals from possible extinction, anti-poaching laws have been enacted by governments throughout Africa, as well as an international ban on ivory trade. Anti-poaching regulations have in turn stemmed the formation of programs and policies for the management of Africas wildlife. Poaching: Background Poaching, the illegal killing of protected animals, occurs in Africa for a variety of reasons. The most profitable reason is the ivory trade. Hundreds of elephants and Rhinos are slaughtered every year for their ivory tusks, which claim a sizeable profit on the black market. Many hunters also poach for the sport of it, the thrill of the hunt. Many of the country's native peoples, however, poach animals as a means to stay alive. Because the wildlife of Africa roams so free, many people and crops are damaged and destroyed every year and natives poach the animals for self-defense. Financial concerns also drive many natives to poaching, seeing as most of Africa is still considered to be third world and an elephant tusk can mean the difference between starving to death and a prosperous year (Messer, 50). Poaching also has negative effects on the environment, and on the economy. Governments in Africa and around the world have tried to enforce strict anti-poaching laws, and also regulate th e ivory trade, until recently however, both efforts have been in vain. In the past, government imposed anti-poaching laws transformed animals such as elephants and rhinos into a non-resource. They imposed laws that forbad the killing of these animals, but offered no alternative for those whose livelihood came from the animals (Butler, Mar1995; 40). The programs that were implemented were enforcement programs: many with a policy of shoot to kill (poachers). For example, in 1984, Zimbabwe implemented Operation Stronghold, whose main policy was to shoot poachers on site. Kenya has similar policies in their game parks, in retaliation to the poachers poaching park rangers (Hogan, 13). This attempt to secure animal populations has often cut off the human population in the immediate area from a valuable source of both income and food. Wildlife and Rural Inhabitants Many rural communities depend on farming as livelihood. Only 5 percent of the land in Africa is considered suitable for intensive agriculture, which therefore makes farming difficult (Child, 1997). Wild animals, especially elephants, make it even more difficult to eek out a living on the African landscape because they like to eat the crops, devastating the farmers income. In order to avoid or reduce damage from elephants, farmers have tried various strategies to deter them. Especially during the harvest season, farmers expend a great deal of labor attempting to guard their fields from elephants. Different methods, such as lighting fires, beating drums, and even firing guns into the air are tried. However, farmers explain that elephants, with their great intelligence, quickly learn that they will not be harmed by these methods and often return to eat the crops (Butler, Mar1995; 40). More modern methods, such as electric fencing and trip alarms have also been tested. Despite the high c ost of these deterrents, elephants have learned to foil them as well. Another method that has been used with some success in Zimbabwe is the firing of tear gas canisters filled with chili pepper (Butler, Mar1995; 40). So far, no method has been able to completely deter the elephant aside from killing it. It should be noted that elephants do not destroy crops solely by eating them, but can also cause considerable damage by trampling crops while in transit. On the other side, farming and ranching have had a dramatic impact on Africas wildlife. Some 90 percent of the herbivore biomass is now domestic livestock (Child, 1997). Land that was once open range for elephants and rhinos is now used for agriculture and livestock. In addition to poaching, these factors put great strain on animal populations. Ranchers often construct fences to